Japan Workbook | Japan's Foreign Relations and Role in the World Today
Until the Meiji period (1868-1912) Japan's relationship with the rest
of the world was defined mostly in terms of an East Asian world order traditionally
dominated by China. Japan was part of trade routes that included much of
Southeast and East Asia, and this trade resulted in much cultural exchange
as well as material exchange. In the sixteenth century Japan began trading
with Western countries, but soon found it disruptive both because of the
connections with Christianity and because of the demand it created for
precious metals. The government therefore officially limited foreign trade
to that with Dutch and Chinese traders.
In the 19th century, Asia became more and more attractive to expansionist
Europeans and many countries were colonized. China itself was greatly weakened
and the old East Asia world order no longer functioned. Western countries
aggressively demanded that Japan begin to participate in trade with them,
and eventually Japan had no choice but to agree.
In the 1850s and 60s Japan signed various treaties with Western nations.
At the time, imperialism and colonization were the main institutions that
defined international relations and Japan soon became a colonizing power
of its own, governing both Taiwan and Korea. At the beginning of the 20th
century, Japan was recognized by Western powers as a force to be reckoned
with, and Japan became a member of the League of Nations.
In the years leading to World War II, Japan created a puppet state in
Manchuria, and became interested in gaining colonial power in other Asian
countries being vacated by European powers. The bombing of Pearl Harbor
and Japan's aggression in Asia led to war with the United States.
In the years following the defeat of Japan and the subsequent occupation
by American forces, Japan has been heavily influenced by the United States
in the political, economic and cultural arenas. Japan's constitution, written
during the occupation, with its prohibition against militarization, and
the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, which allows for extensive American military
presence in Japan, exemplify the post war relationship between these two
countries.
But with the collapse of the Soviet Union, this relationship has been
questioned. Many have asked whether Japan, particularly as a country with
great economic strength, should be responsible for its own military. Japan
gives much in foreign aid, but complaints continue that it is not yet a
responsible member of the First World bloc. These complaints come mostly
from Western countries, while another type of complaint comes from many
Asian countries. These complaints are mostly a result of Japan's reluctance
to accept the responsibility of accurately accounting for its actions during
World War II.
These complaints are symptomatic of the great changes in the world order
in the past decades, and Japan's difficulty in defining its position in
this new order.
Below is a summary of Japan's relations with some of the countries and
regions most important to it in the postwar period.
The United States. Since World War II, Japan's most important
tie has been with the United States. Japan's mutual defense treaty with
the United States is central to its security. The United States is committed
to defend Japan and maintains military bases in Japan partially for that
purpose. Despite Japan's defeat and subsequent occupation by Americans,
relations with the United States have been friendly and close except for
intermittent bouts of trade friction beginning in the 1970s. The United
States sponsored Japan's membership in various international organizations,
including the United Nations, the Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD), and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT). Trade between the United States and Japan is very important to
both countries. The United States is a major market for Japanese exports
as well as a primary source of imports (including a large percentage of
Japan's food imports).
Southeast Asia. In World War II Japan went to war partly to gain
control of this region's resources. The harsh occupation of many Southeast
Asian countries left resentment and bitterness, and the Japanese government
is today making efforts to improve the relationship with those countries.
Taken as a whole, the countries of Southeast Asia make up Japan's second
largest export market (after the United States), and they provide important
food, oil, metal ore, lumber and rubber imports.
Korea. While Korea and Japan have traditionally shared many cultural
aspects – including the Chinese writing system and Chinese philosophical
and religious influences, Japan's harsh colonization of Korea in the early
twentieth century has left relations strained between the two countries.
European Economic Community (EEC). The countries that make up
the EEC are highly developed economically and have an important voice in
world affairs. Many of these countries share membership with Japan and
the United States in important international economic organizations such
as the OECD, GATT, and World Bank. Their alliance with the United States
through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) provides an indirect
military link with Japan. The EEC is Japan's third largest market and supplies
much of Japan's imports of industrial goods.
Persian Gulf Nations. Japan's relations with these nations have
developed relatively recently, as oil imports from the Persian Gulf region
have grown rapidly. Almost all of Japan's imports from these countries
consist of petroleum and petroleum products, which total one-third of all
Japanese imports. These nations make up Japan's fourth largest market,
but because they import relatively little from Japan, Japan has a trade
deficit with these nations. How to secure its economic interests in the
face of political and military unrest in the region is one of Japan's most
pressing problems.
China. Japan's long history of close cultural contact with China
has left a special interest and friendliness toward the Chinese. Japan's
writing system and many religious, literary, and artistic traditions originally
came from China. During World War II, however, Japan colonized parts of
Manchuria and invaded many major cities of China. Under U.S. pressure,
Japan did not establish relations with the People's Republic of China
until after President Nixon surprised the world (and Japan) by establishing
relations in 1972. Japan quickly followed suit and is now involved in
assisting the Chinese in their efforts to develop their economy. Japan
has been the largest source of official development assistance (ODA) to
China.
Japan is also China's largest export market: in 1997
mainland China's exports to Japan were 18.7 percent of its total exports,
in comparison, for example, with 15.1 percent of total exports from mainland
China to the United States.
Russia. Japan's relations with Russia have been strained throughout
the postwar period. In the last days of World War II, the Soviets occupied
South Sakhalin Islands and the Kurile islands, including a few islands
close to HokkaidÅ that the Japanese claim as part of their native
land. The issue of these islands is under negotiation between the two
countries. They have set a goal to resolve the conflict and sign a peace
treaty by the year 2000.
Trade has gradually developed between the two countries
and Japanese business has participated modestly in certain development
projects.
Student Activity
Divide the students into groups: Assign each to research and report to the class on Japan's position on one of the following issues:- tensions between Israel and the Arab states
- U.N. pressure on China regarding human rights abuses
- reunification of North and South Korea
Using the information provided above, ask students to analyze and explain the reasons for the positions taken by Japan.