Introduction
Kangxi Emperor
▪ Image: Two Portraits, Kangxi Emperor
▪ Inset: The Major Qing Emperors
▪ Inset: Qing Inspection Tours of the Realm
Qianlong Emperor
▪ Images: Two Portraits, Qianlong Emperor
▪ Inset: Formation of Chinese Identity
Expansion of Territory
▪ Map: Expansion of Empire under Qing
Creation of a Multiethnic State
Qianlong as a Universal Ruler
▪ Images: Qianlong as the Bodhisattva
Qianlong as Patron of Arts
Four Aspects of Qing Government Impressive to Western Observers:
Emperor and the Mandate of Heaven
▪ Inset: French Physiocrats' Admiration
An Integrated Bureaucracy
▪ Inset: Benefits of Imperial Rule
Examination System for Government Service
▪ Image: Posting of the Examination Results
Government of "Elite Commoners"
▪ Inset: Chinese Notion of Political Legitimacy
Government Bureaucrats with Local and Imperial Orientations
▪ Inset: Admirers of Chinese Ideas
Qing State Policy is not Monolithic
The Rule of Avoidance and a Vision of Empire
Qing Population Growth and Its Effects
Local Magistrate Overwhelmed
Two Qing Innovations
Tax Policy
Secret Palace Memorial System
Ming-Qing Economic Dynamism and Foreign Trade
Stereotype of the "Anti-Merchant" Qing State
China as a Vast Continental Market vs. Small States of Europe
Development of Complex Market Structure
Development of Merchant Hierarchy
Taxes Paid in Money
Paper Money and Bimetallic Currency
Early Banks and Long-Distance Trade
▪ Inset: Remittance Banks ("Shanxi Banks")
Importance of Trade on Grand Canal
▪ Map: Grand Canal
Addressing 3 Misconceptions about the Qing Economy
State Control of Economy
Silver in China and the World Economy
Creation of the "Canton System" in 1760
Schools of Art during the Qing
The Scholar-Artists
▪ Inset: The Chinese Literati
Wang Hui and the Orthodox School
Chinese Approaches to the Work of Art
Personal Expression Valued Over "Realism"
Importance of Poetry
▪ Inset: Qianlong Emperor, Collector
The Role of Owners and Connoisseur
Representing Space and the External World
European Approaches to Representing Space
Chinese Approaches to Representing Space
▪ Inset: Classifications of Pictorial Space
Influence of European Artistic Styles on Chinese Painting
Influence of Giuseppe Castiglione
Chinese Art in Europe: Porcelain
▪ Image: Chinese Porcelain Ewer
Porcelain Production in China
The Kangxi Emperor's Southern Inspection Tour of 1689
▪ Map: Southern Inspection Tour Routes
The Qianlong Emperor's Southern Inspection Tour of 1751
How the Inspection Tour Scrolls were Produced
Viewing the Scrolls Today
▪ Inset: Handscrolls in Chinese Art
Imperial Legitimacy and the Cosmic Order: The Kangxi Emperor's Visit to Mt. Tai
Significance of Mt. Tai as a Pilgrimage Site
Significance of the Kangxi Emperor's Visit
The Importance of Controlling the Waters
Silk, Commerce, and the Importance of Suzhou and the Grand Canal
Kangxi's Visit to Suzhou in 1689
Qianlong's Visit to Suzhou in 1751
Kangxi Scroll Three
Kangxi Scroll Seven
Qianlong Scroll Four
Qianlong Scroll Six
Qianlong Scroll Six—Districts Detail
Compare Scrolls: Tiger Hill
Compare Scrolls: Chang Gate
Compare Scrolls: Emperor's Arrival
Compare Scrolls: Silk Commissioner's Residence
Map: Scroll Locations
Teachers’ Guide
Lesson Plan: How to Read a Chinese Hand Scroll
Lesson Plan: Exploring Trade and the World Economy
Lesson Plan: A Journey Through Space
Classroom Materials
Books