• Vietnam [Asia Society]
"A short essay on Vietnam's geopolitical history, from pre-civilization times to the 20th century."

• History of Vietnam: Chinese Colonization (200 BC-938 AD) [Windows on Asia, Michigan State University]
"In 618 the Tang Dynasty gained control of China and of Northern Vietnam, changing the name of the country to Annam (Pacified South) in 679 to reflect its status as a part of Southern China. During the T'ang period, a number of individuals tried to revolt against this new and more intrusive government."

• History of Vietnam: Vietnamese Independence (950-1859) [Windows on Asia, Michigan State University]
"In 965, Dinh Bo Linh, a man of peasant background, proclaimed himself King of Northern Vietnam, taking the title of Emperor in 968. Dinh Bo Linh attempted to bring together Chinese and Vietnamese political theory by using both Vietnamese and Chinese titles and incorporating both Buddhist and Daoist rituals and priests into court life."

• Southeast Asia, 500-1000 A.D. [Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art]
"In both mainland and island Southeast Asia, smaller confederacies amalgamate into larger polities. The Dvaravati kingdom of the Mon speakers and the various Pre-Angkorian sites associated with the Khmers are the best known on the mainland. The accession of Jayavarman II in the early ninth century marks the beginning of the powerful Angkor dynasty that will control much of the region from the tenth through the thirteenth century. The Shailendras, who control the maritime realm of Shrivijaya in the eighth and ninth centuries, and build the famed Borobudur, are prominent in Indonesia." With a period overview, list of key events, and ten related artworks.

See Michigan State University's Windows on Asia for more on the history of other Southeast Asian countries, including Cambodia, Thailand, and Indonesia.

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• Vietnamese Language and Writing [Windows on Asia, Michigan State University]
A brief introduction, with links for further reading.

• What Is Nôm? [Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation]
A short introduction to Chữ Nôm, "the ancient 'ideographic vernacular script' of the Vietnamese language."

• The Nôm Studies Project [Temple University]
Additional background about the history and uses of Chữ Nôm.

• Vietnamese (tiếng việt) [Omniglot]
An excellent overview of the Vietnamese language.

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Primary Source w/DBQs • Cao Vuong (Cao Bien) [PDF] [Asia for Educators]
When a Chinese official tried to double the price of salt traded for the valuable mountain goods, the chieftains rebelled and Nanzhao joined them in an invasion of the lowlands in the 860s. China sent an official, Cao Bien (known to later Vietnamese as Cao Vuong [King Cao]), to drive the invaders out and stabilize the Protectorate.

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